They feature low energy density, large size and heavy weight, occupying large installation space and increasing transportation and hoisting costs. Conventional lead-acid batteries have limited cycle life, with an actual service life of 3-5 years in photovoltaic scenarios, requiring regular replacement and resulting in higher long-term operation costs than lithium batteries. In addition, high-rate charging may cause excessive temperature rise and plate vulcanization, reducing energy storage efficiency and service life. Currently, the industry optimizes performance through colloid modification, intelligent charge-discharge management and heat dissipation structure improvement, enhancing cycle stability and service life to better adapt to long-term photovoltaic energy storage operation.