With the advantages of high stability, maintenance-free operation and low cost, 12V lead-acid batteries are widely used in civil, commercial and industrial fields. In civil scenarios, they are mainly applied to automobile starting, electric vehicles, emergency lighting and household small energy storage devices. Commercially, they serve as backup power for UPS, access control systems and security monitoring to ensure continuous equipment operation during power outages. Industrially, they are widely used in solar energy storage, communication base stations, forklifts and industrial standby power supplies. Featuring wide temperature adaptability, impact resistance and high reliability, they are basic power sources for transportation, security energy storage and new energy supporting scenarios.